Example: Dickens wrote that the eighteenth century was both 'the best of times' and 'the worst of times' (53).

Quotations may be incorporated at the beginning middle or end of a sentence or can be divided by your words as long as quotation marks are used. This is acceptable when the original is unclear or confusing due to misspelled or missing words or information. Any changes to the original must be indicated in brackets or parentheses. When using quotations in your paper you must use the exact words, capitalization, interior punctuation and spelling of the original source.

Example: According to President Truman 'the buck stops here' (qtd.Examples of this are when you quote from someone else's report of a conversation, an interview, a letter, etc. in.' This indicates to the reader that the information was originally “quoted in” another source. Indirect Sources: When you use a source cited in another source begin the parenthetical citation with the abbreviation 'qtd. Example: Roberts et al. found significant differences in the cancer rates of people who used sunscreen when compared to those who did not (73).Example: Researchers at Arizona State University found significant differences in the cancer rates of people who used sunscreen when compared to those who did not (Roberts, Greene, Lombardi, and Winters 73).the use poetry as a tool for exciting young children was found to be successful (Smith and Jones 43).įour or More Authors: You have the option to use all the author's last names in the signal phrase or parenthetical reference or to use the first author's last name followed by et al.Example: Smith and Jones discussed the use of poetry in teaching OR.Two Authors: In citing information from a work by two authors include both last names in either the signal phrase or parenthetical reference. Example: The number of accidents due to drunk driving across the fifty states has decreased since 2006 (United States Department of Transportation 49).Example: The Arizona Department of Transportation reports the number of accidents due to drunk driving decreased after the passage of the new law in 2009 (17).If an agency or department of the United States or a specific state is the author include either the name of the state or United States in the citation since it will be listed under that name in the Works Cited. If it is short use the entire name or a shortened name if it is longer. Example: The 2009 report indicates a decrease in the number of books published each year for the past five years (67).Ĭorporate Author: When the author is a corporation, government entity or organization use its name either in the signal phrase or parenthetical reference.Remember to italicize the title of the book or put titles of articles in quotation marks. No Author: When no author is found you can use the complete title in a signal phrase in the narrative or you can use a short form of the title in parentheses. Example: The auditor's report identified a number of issues such as the number of accidents, time of day, road conditions and age of driver.No punctuation is used between the author's name and the page number(s). When the author is not used in the signal phrase include the author's last name and the page number(s) in parentheses. The parenthetical reference, which comes after the cited material, normally includes at least a page number. Example: Ratcliff testified that he was on vacation when his neighbor's tree fell in his yard (13).The period follows the parenthetical citation. Generally the signal phrase includes the author's name in the statement followed by a page number in parentheses at the end. web pages etc.) provide the number preceded by the abbreviation par or pars.Ī signal phrase within the narrative alerts the reader that something taken from another source (quotation, summary, paraphrase or fact) is about to be used. If the source uses paragraph numbers instead of page numbers (e.g.

The word page or pages or the abbreviation p. General guidelines for both types of in-text citations include the following. This allows the reader to look at the list of works cited to see the complete publication information. Signal phrases introduce the material, often including the author's name.

In-text citations using either signal phrases or parenthetical references document material from other sources. You may cite an entire work or part of a passage. You may summarize or paraphrase the original words, thought or idea but credit must be given to the source.